Jonathan Swift’s Use of Size Satirizing the Negative Form...

Swift reveals the negative side of the Europeans in the 18th century. He satirizes Gulliver and the different inhabitants Gulliver comes across. By using size, Swift shows the dreadful sides of the Europeans and their faults. Although some readers say that Swift uses size in Gulliver’s Travels to satirize people positively, he uses satire to reveal the negative side of people showing their human pride, existence, and knowledge. First of all, Swift claims that Gulliver’s size symbolizes misplaced human pride. He uses the Lilliputians, Houyhnhnms, Yahoos, and Gulliver to point out the misplaced pride of humans. Swift writes, â€Å"...and the promise of honour I [Gulliver] made them [Lilliputians], for so I interpreted my submissive behaivour,†¦show more content†¦He uses the Laputans, Houyhnhnms, Yahoos, and Gulliver to compare the array of intelligence. According to Swift, â€Å"†¦although they [Laputan woman] live here in the greatest plenty and magnificence†¦and take the diversions of the metropolis, which they are not allowed to do without a particular licence from the king†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In other words, Swift believes Gulliver’s size symbolizes a vast range of knowledge. Swift reveals the Laputan’s knowledge, which is not made socially useful. Of course, many will probably disagree with this assertion that Swift satirizes the knowledge of the Laputans to the knowl edge of the Englishmen at the time, but he acknowledges the Englishmen’s use of knowledge negatively. In addition, Swift states, â€Å"When I [Gulliver] happened to behold the reflection of my own form in a lake or a fountain, I turned away my face in horror and detestation of myself, and could better endure the sight of a common Yahoo, than of my own person.† Swift believes that the Houyhnhnms, the horse race, show their intellectual size versus the Yahoo’s intellectual size. Swift uses the horses and Yahoos to show the misplaced intellectual sizes. Of course, many will disagree with this assertion that the Houyhnhnms shows a â€Å"utopia.† While it is true that Swift may use the intellectual sizes for a different purpose, it does not necessarily follow that Swift doesn’t use the Houyhnhnms, Yahoos, and Gulliver to show theShow MoreRelatedLockean Philosophy in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels3527 Words   |  15 Pagesshaped within the same matr ix of cultural forces and events, they reveal through their respective works a similar ideology. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to explore the parallels between Lockes Some Thoughts Concerning Education and Swifts Gullivers Travels, using textual evidence and literary criticism; and second, to compare the methods prescribed by Locke and Swift for education, taking into account some cultural views in the eighteenth-century. The first half of the eighteenth-centuryRead More Comapring Naivete and Satire in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and Voltaires Candide2292 Words   |  10 PagesNaivete and Satire in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and Voltaires Candide       A child has the ability to make the most critical and objective observation on society and the behavior of man. How is this possible? A child has yet to mature and lacks proper education and experience. However, it is for this very reason that a child would make the perfect social scientist; his or her naivete may provide an excellent means of objective criticism and most often satire. A childs curious

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1981 Words

Gaze at the timeline of history and one will stumble across selfish acts that have dominated our era – acts that have defined people’s true character and make a firm line for where their morals stand. It is rare to find a person that will put their needs before any others in the moment simply due to it being their first instinct – people whose morals are designated to helping others at all cost before their own. Morality is not defined by skin color, race, or social class; it is defined by the good intentions people have for others solely for who they are, despite what race they may be. Within To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper lee, a plethora of characters such as Mr. Underwood, Calpurnia, and Link Deas radiate true morality with the actions they portray. Whether it be by giving the respect to someone they deserve despite what race they might be, or not sitting back and watching an innocent person suffer despite what troubles may lead down the road, these character s put aside the racial quota within Maycomb. They don’t let the label of â€Å"blacks† let them see who the person really is, they define the person by their character and who they are on the inside and not what’s seen on the out. Lee first introduces morality when Mr. Underwood writes an article in the newspaper in tribute of Tom’s death. The social structure within Maycomb fixates itself around blacks having a certain role within society and whites permanently surpassing those who are colored. Mr. Underwood is capableShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. 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Qa 380 Quiz 1 Free Essays

* T * PERFORMANCE measures that are established for a process are known as metrics. T * Once a process is identified, defined, evaluated, and redesigned, the benefits of the process analysis cycle are realized. F * A service blueprint is a flowchart of a service process that shows which of its steps has high customer contact. We will write a custom essay sample on Qa 380 Quiz 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now T * The general principle that 80% of a company’s revenue is generated by 20% of its customers is known as the pareto concept. * A fishbone diagram identifies which category is most frequently observed out of all the categories for which you have data. F . a voluntary system by which employees submit their ideas on process improvements is used in the: opportunity identification phase of process analysis 2. the step in process analysis that immediately follows the process documentation phase is the : evaluate performance phase 3. the resources that management assigns to improving or reengineering the process should: match the process’s scope 4. process analysis focuses on: how work is actually done 5. an effective tool for showing steps of a service process with a high level of customer contact is: service blueprint 6. hich one of the following statements concerning flowcharts is NOT true. The dotted line of visibility separates activities subcontracted form those done in house 7. all of the following are steps in setting a time standard using the time study method EXCEPT: Consulting cost accounting data 8. the manager of a supermarket would like to know which of several quality problems to address first. A tool that would be most helpful would be a: perato chart 9. a restaurant manager tracks complaints from the diner satisfaction cards that are turned in at each table. The data collected from the past week’s diners appear 10. the first step of the systematic approach to process analysis is (opportunity) 11. process (scope) is the boundary of the process to be analyzed. 12. A voluntary system by which employee submit their ideas on process improvements is called a (suggestion system) 13. (Metrics) are performance measures that are established for a process and he steps within it. 14. A group of people, who are knowledgeable about the process, meets to propose ideas for change in a rapid-fire manner. Such a session is called (brainstorming) How to cite Qa 380 Quiz 1, Essay examples

Donatello Essay Example For Students

Donatello Essay Michelle HoellProfessor Kranz Humanities 216 Nov. 2001 Donatello is known as the most important sculptor of the Early Renaissance. The author, John Pope-Hennessy noted him as ?one of the greatest artists who ever lived? (Pope-Hennessy p.11). Donatello was a modest person who was very dedicated to his works. Because of his great dedication, he was able to create so much art in so many different varieties (Poeschke p.5). Donatellos origins, his accomplishments, and his impact are important aspects to appreciate the sculptor, Donatello. Donatello was born on 1386 in Florence, Italy by the name Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi. (library p.1). His father, Niccolo di Betto Bardi, was a wool comber. It is thought that he learned his career from one of the stone sculptors for the Cathedral of Florence around 1400 (britannica p.3). He assisted Filippo Brunelleschi, with whom he may have visited Rome and studied monuments of antiquity there (Blood p.1). Donatello started sculpting at the age of twenty. Donatello created masterpieces with stone, clay, bronze, or gold (Poeschke p.376). He is said to have worked in Lorenzo Ghibertis shop and also had a shop of his own in Florence. Later in life he studied Roman Ruins and became a humanist. Donatello died on December 13, 1466 at the age of eighty. He never married and had no children (Blood p.1). Donatellos works can be separated into three periods. The first period is comprised of works done before the year 1425. During the first period, Donatello was greatly influenced by the Gothic style, yet classical and realistic influences were also Hoell 2present. During this time Donatello identified himself as a realist. Most of his weeks of this period were spent in Florence (Blood p.2). One of the works completed during the first period is the marble David was one of Donatellos earliest works, which was completed around 1412 (britannica p.2). On February 20, 1408, Donatello was commissioned to make one of the buttresses, which were going to be placed on the choir of the Duomo in Florence. A total of twelve buttresses were supposed to be made by several different sculptors but the task was never completed. When Donatello finally completed his work, it was criticized of being too small to be placed in its location, which was eighteen meters high. The David ended up in the Duomo workshops for a few years. Then, in July 1416, it was moved to the Palazzo Vecchio. Donatello was then paid five extra florins to make some alterations to the statue. This may be when the very intricate details were added to Goliaths face and hair. He may have also added details to the clothing, such as seams, folds and fringes, during this time. Because of this, Donatello was noted of putting much more importance into the details of the sculpture more than any sculptor of this time puts (Poeschke p.27, 377). A while later the Prophet David was given a place of honor in the city hall to represent political freedom. Donatellos David was chosen for this place. Ghilberti, the leader in International Gothic Style, influenced this sculpture. International Gothic Style consisted of soft curves, which the David processed. The construction of the drapery also had a Gothic look. This work was made for the Cathedral but was later moved to Palazzo Vecchio in 1416. There, the David symbolized civic patriotism. It was later shadowed Hoell 3by the huge Michelangelo version of David (britannica p.2). The David can be seen on page nine and is image one. Another work done during the first period is St. George. It was one of Donatellos most powerful works. It had demonstrated personality and confidence, which has not been seen since the classical antiquity (britannica p.2). St. George is i mage four on page ten. There appears to be holes made into the marble. These holes are thought to have held a wreath or bronze helmet on the head. The right hand was carved to hold a sword of lance made of bronze. The statue was completed on 1415 and the tabernacle niche in which is placed was completed around 1417 (Pope-Hennessy p.63, 64). It is unsure if Donatello had anything to do with designing the tabernacle in which St. George was but in, but it is certain he did the gable relief which is image two on page ten. The gable relief is the Christ figure holding a book and looking down on the saint. Donatello also did the St. George slaying the Dragon relief at the bottom of the tabernacle. This relief is an example of schacciato (Poeschke p.381). This relief can be seen on page ten, image three. The second period is comprised of the years between 1425-1443. Works influenced by antiquity can identify this period. During the years 1425-1435, Donatello worked with the Florentine sculptor ,Brunelleschi, and Michelozzo. For example, they worked together for the monument to Bartolomeo Arogazzi, which is located in the Cathedral of Montepuliciano (Blood p.2). The bronze David, completed from 1428-1432, was one of the earliest bronze sculptures. It was the first large scale free standing nude statue of the Renaissance. It Hoell 4was made for a private person whose identity is to this date unknown. The Davids recorded history starts with the wedding of Lorenzo the magnificent in 1469. It was placed in the center of the courtyard of Medici palace in Florence. After the expulsion of Medici in 1496, it was then placed in the Palazzo Vecchio (britannica p. 3). It is the first standing statue since antiquity that was intended to be seen from every angel. Therefore, it was meant to be freestanding since it was first commissioned. For this reason it may be suspected that the courtyard of the Palazzo Medici was its original place. It was later paid for by the city of Florence. It was placed in the Museo Nazionale del Bergello, Florence in 1880(Poeschke p.397). The Davids physical grace and beauty was one the Renaissances ideals (artchive p.4). The Bay leaves on the hat express romance. He portrays the life of a Shepard because he is facing down which suggest that the sun is beating on him. His pose seems very harmless even though he has a severed head at his feet. The David does not even seem strong enough to lift the sword he has. The piece represents the classical style but stand our more because of Donatellos modern touches. This work is thought to have influenced Ghilbertis Samson because the two works both have the same body position (Kos p.2). This sculpture differs from other of Donatellos sculptures because he concentrated more on the physical beauty of the piece instead of its bravery (Poeschke p.397). The David is image five on page eleven. A second work done during the second period is the Feast of Herod. This relief technique is called schiacciato, which means ?flattened out?. Donatello invented this relief technique, which was made extremely shallow carving throughout. It was like the carving was painting on with a chisel. Schiacciato used scientific linear perspective, Hoell 5which was invented by Brunellischi a few years before (britannica p.2). The Feast of Herod is one of the reliefs completed by Donatello using the method Schiacciato. This relief was completed between 1425-1427. It was one of two panels ordered from Jacopo della Quercia for the baptismal fonts of Siena Cathedral (artchive p.3). Originally, both reliefs were to be made by Jacopa della Quercia on April 16, 1417. The commission was given to Donatello no later than April, 13 1423. The model for the relief was not completed until the summer of 1425. The relief itself was not finished until April 13, 1427 (Pope-Hennessy p.387). It was the first relief to be built in accordance with the rules of perspective. For this reason it was noted in the history of art (artchive p.3). This piece also set new standard for a pictorial narrative (Poeschke p. 387). It can be seen on page twelve, image six. Back in the Kitchen EssayDonatello was a simple man in everything but his works of art. During three periods the artist can be seen through his work evolving according to the influences around him. From a very young age, Donatello was instructed by great minds in his field. Sculpture was an art form that Donatello took up from the age of twenty. Throughout his life he executed this talent impressively. His creations impacted many artists that followed. Many of his sculptures served as models for other sculptures that were created. During his time, he was known as a sculptor who slightly deviated from the norm of his time and did more than what was expected of a sculptor. His sculptures still exist to impact those to come. BibliographyBlood, Lindsey. The works of Donatello. 25 Jan 2001. *http://www.cyesis.org/student.projects/renaissance/lindsey/donatello.html*Donatello. 31 Jan 2001. *http://www.artchive.com/artchive/D/donatello.html*Donatello. 25 Jan 2001. *http://library.thinkquest.org/15962/data/donatello.html*Donatello.17 Jan. 2001. *http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/7/0,5716,31407+2+30901,00.html*History of Sculpture. 25 Jan. *http://www.britannica.com/brom/eb/article/printable/010,5722,117490,00.html*Kos, Adam. Donatellos Bronze David. 25 Jan. 2001. *http://www.chuckii.com/Reports/Art/Donatellos_Bronze_David.shtml*Poeschke,Joachim. Donatello and His Works: Sculpture of the Italian Renaissance. New York: Harry n. Abrams, Inc., 1990. Pope-Hennessy, John. Donatello. New York: Biggin Holding Ltd., 1993. ?All works consulted were cited?OutlineI IntroA. Pope-Hennessy quoteB. AbilityC. Thesis: Donatellos origins, his accomplishment, and his impact are important aspects to appreciate the sculptor, Donatello. II. BackgroundA. Birth1. Date2. PlaceB. FamilyC. EducationD. DeathIII. AccomplishmentsA. First period1. Before 14252. Art Style3. David (Marble)a. Initial reason commissionedb. Detail of sculpturec. City halld. Influence4. St. Georgea. Descriptionb. Tabernaclec. Gable Reliefd. St. George Slaying the DragonB. Second Period1. 1425-14432. Art Style3. David (Bronze)a. Reason commissionedb. Locations placedc. Descriptiond. Influence4. Feast of Heroda. Schiacciatob. Reason commissionedc. Importance in art historyC. Third Period1. Date2. Art Style3. Visit to Padua4. Gattamelataa. Reason commissionedb. Pedestalc. Reliefsd. Doorse. Comparison of Marcus Aurelius equestrian5. Mary Magdelana. Descriptionb. Locationc. InfluenceIV. ImpactA. RealismB. PupilsC. Modern sculptureD. PaduaE. FlorenceF. Early RenaissanceG. PaintersV. ConclusionA. EvolutionB. InfluenceDonatelloMichelle HoellProfessor KranzHumanities II16 Nov. 2000Illustrations CitedPoeschke,Joachim. Donatello and His Works: Sculpture of t he Italian Renaissance. New York: Harry n. Abrams, Inc., 1990. Pope-Hennessy, John. Donatello. New York: Biggin Holding Ltd., 1993. BibliographyIllustrations CitedPoeschke,Joachim. Donatello and His Works: Sculpture of the Italian Renaissance. New York: Harry n. Abrams, Inc., 1990. Pope-Hennessy, John. Donatello. New York: Biggin Holding Ltd., 1993. BibliographyBlood, Lindsey. The works of Donatello. 25 Jan 2001. Donatello. 31 Jan 2001. Donatello. 25 Jan 2001. Donatello.17 Jan. 2001. History of Sculpture. 25 Jan. Kos, Adam. Donatellos Bronze David. 25 Jan. 2001. Poeschke,Joachim. Donatello and His Works: Sculpture of the Italian Renaissance. New York: Harry n. Abrams, Inc., 1990. Pope-Hennessy, John. Donatello. New York: Biggin Holding Ltd., 1993. BibliographyBlood, Lindsey. The works of Donatello. 25 Jan 2001. Donatello. 31 Jan 2001. Donatello. 25 Jan 2001. Donatello.17 Jan. 2001. History of Sculpture. 25 Jan. Kos, Adam. Donatellos Bronze David. 25 Jan. 2001. Poeschke,Joachim. Donatello and His Works: Sculpture of the Italian Renaissance. New York: Harry n. Abrams, Inc., 1990. Pope-Hennessy, John. Donatello. New York: Biggin Holding Ltd., 1993. BibliographyBlood, Lindsey. The works of Donatello. 25 Jan 2001. Donatello. 31 Jan 2001. Donatello. 25 Jan 2001. Donatello.17 Jan. 2001. History of Sculpture. 25 Jan. Kos, Adam. Donatellos Bronze David. 25 Jan. 2001. Poeschke,Joachim. Donatello and His Works: Sculpture of the Italian Renaissance. New York: Harry n. Abrams, Inc., 1990. Pope-Hennessy, John. Donatello. New York: Biggin Holding Ltd., 1993.

SLIDE 6 Essays - Economy, Income Distribution, Labour Law

SLIDE 6 Should we keep the minimum wage law? Some argue that we should abolish it and let the free market decide what to pay their employees. Already we see Small business and corporate franchises paying well over t he minimum wage and that is an example of the free market. The purpose of theminimum wagewas to stabilize the post-depression economy andprotecttheworkersin the labor force. Theminimum wagewas designed to create aminimumstandard of living toprotectthe health and well-being of employees. raising the minimum wage to an excessively high rate would exert inflationary pressure on the economy, but increasing it to keep pace with inflation would only have a minimal effect. By setting a government-specified floor for workers' wages, minimum wage laws tend to disrupt labor supply and demand. SLIDE 5 When government increases minimum wage is causes a shift in demand causing it to decrease. This shift happens simply because businesses cannot pay all the unskilled workers higher wages and stay profitable. When this happens, it interrupts the equilibrium and causes unemployment.

Why lb Is the Symbol for Pounds

Why lb Is the Symbol for Pounds Have you ever wondered why we use the symbol lb  for the pounds  unit? The word  pound is short for pound weight, which was libra pondo in Latin. The libra part of the phrase meant both weight or balance scales. The Latin usage was shortened to libra, which naturally was abbreviated lb. We adopted the pound part from pondo, yet kept the abbreviation for libra. There are different definitions for the mass of a pound, depending on the country. In the United States, the modern pound unit is defined to be 2.20462234 pounds per metric kilogram. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound. However, in Roman times, the libra (pound) was about 0.3289 kilograms and was divided into 12 uncia or ounces. In Britain, there has been more than one type of pound, including the avoirdupois point and Troy pound. A pound sterling was a tower pound of silver, but the standard was changed to the Troy pound in 1528. The tower pound, merchants pound, and London pound are obsolete units. The Imperial Standard Pound is defined as having a mass equal to 0.45359237 kilograms, which matches the definition of the international pound, as agreed upon (although not adopted by the U.S.) in 1959. Sources Fletcher, Leroy S.; Shoup, Terry E. (1978). Introduction to Engineering. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0135018583.United States National Bureau of Standards (1959-06-25). Notices Refinement of values for the yard and the pound.Zupko, Ronald Edward (1985). Dictionary of Weights and Measures for the British Isles: The Middle Ages to the 20th Century. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 0-87169-168-X.

Nonverbal Communication Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nonverbal Communication - Research Proposal Example Participants were randomly assigned to either group one or two without knowing the hypothesis to be tested. Participants were asked to solve six questions, where only the time to solve the sixth question was recorded to the nearest second. It was found that participants took more time to answer the sixth question in the absence of nonverbal communication than in the presence of nonverbal communication. It was concluded that absence of nonverbal communication have caused participants to lose their concentration and guidance to complete the task at hand. Nonverbal communication is an effective way to communicate between people. This paper describes an experiment to access the extent to which nonverbal communication affects the level of concentration. Communication is the transfer of information from one person to another. People fail to realize that most of our communication is of a non-verbal form as opposed to the oral and written forms. Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions, eye contact, tone of voice, body posture and motions, and positioning within groups. It may also include the way we wear our clothes or the silence we keep (Allis 2007). While words communicate ideas, nonverbal behavior conveys emotions and attitudes. Nonverbal communication is communication that does not use words. ... Voice is still considered one of the most important nonverbal communications. Voice communicates in ways different than the words a speaker utters. Social scientists use the term paralanguage to describe a wide range of vocal characteristics, which express different attitudes. The paralinguistic content of a message reflects a speaker's feelings. The face and eyes are another important means of nonverbal communication. The eyes communicate a great deal. A skilled nonverbal communicator knows when and where to look to produce the desired results. Visual contact is an invitation to speak which regulates the interaction, exercise control and express intimacy (Posner 1966). Not looking at people indicates the desire not to be interrupted. Eye contact, smiling and nodding indicates interest and social approval of a situation. In most two-person conversations, people seem to look at their partners somewhere between 50 and 60 percent of the time, often alternating short gazes with glances away. An experiment by (Garau 2001) investigated the importance of eye gaze in people engaged in conversation concluded that related gaze behaviour is related provides a marked improvement to the conversation. This report includes the design and results of an experiment to test effect of the existence of nonverbal communication in interpersonal communication. Time taken by participants is recorded in a control condition where nonverbal communication are allowed by the experimenter and compared with time taken by participants in an experimental condition where nonverbal communication is obscured. The hypothesis to be tested was "It would take participants of condition one (absence of non-verbal

How does Chinas geography reflect both tremendous diversity and a Research Paper

How does Chinas geography reflect both tremendous diversity and a remarkable continuity across history and regions And how has thinking like a geographer helped you better understand this paradox - Research Paper Example During the initial years of this system, it mainly served as a tool that was used by the communist government to monitor it’s the people and not as a control mechanism of any movements and population migrations. It should be noted that during the early years of the 1950’s, the country experienced a period of relatively free movement and people were basically allowed to move into and out of the cities without any restraints or inhibitions. The 1954 Chinese promulgated constitution was seen to even guarantee the citizenry of a basic right to migration and free residential choice (Chan 199). The unchecked migration of the population into cities escalated and became a serious burden on the central government leading to the implementation of new hukou legislation in 1958 by China’s National People’s Congress. Using the system, the Chinese government was successfully able to regulate its citizen’s mobility generally up to the end of the 1970’s. The governments considered the restriction of the labor mobility of its citizenry to be important if it was to be able to effectively implement the strategies it had laid in place that were prioritizing a general industrial growth in the country mainly by ensuring that it maintains the number of citizens whose economic activities are not agriculturally based to optimal low levels (Chan 199). The family registration system can be traced back to the early Xia Dynasty (c. 2100 BCE – 1600 BCE). In later centuries, the initial family registers were quickly refined to eventually become into a basic structural organization that was used in controlling entire clans and families for the purposes of conscription, taxation and social control (Chan 199). The hukou system mainly classifies the country’s citizenry using two basic criteria, the first being by one’s socioeconomic eligibility (agricultural o non-agricultural) and the second

W2D 590 Senator Hillary Clinton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W2D 590 Senator Hillary Clinton - Essay Example edia analyses to first-hand accounts of the perceptive attitudes of the general electorate, Clinton’s presidential bid brought to the fore the indelible colored nature of the expectations that majority of Americans have about their diversity. That even though she, Hillary Clinton, possessed some of the stereotypically masculine character traits associated with leadership positions such as being assertive, competitive, and even aggressive in a measurable way to those of the opposite gender, the ballot verdict was expressive: she was still not good enough to Take Charge, beyond the conventional nurturing and collaborative role (Drexler, 2014). One of the first female personalities to strongly seek for the oval office, Clinton was not only going to be discussed and dissected for her results, but also on the basis of the conventional gender roles. Indeed as expected, she is often described as empathetic and a good listener (Wolvin, 2005); qualities that befits her as a mother besides other traits include her hardworking nature. Chris Matthews, a host on MSNBC, however, went as far as pegging her national status not because of her very inner personality but on the husband; a clear indication of how far tradition still creeps in to influence American leadership (Sheckels,

Reflection On Interpersonal Skills In Clinical Practice

Reflection On Interpersonal Skills In Clinical Practice This is a reflective essay based on my experiences whilst on my five week surgical placement in a local hospital. The aim of this essay is to explore the use of communication and interpersonal skills in clinical practice. I have chosen this particular incident as I spent a considerable amount of time communicating verbally and non verbally with this particular patient. To protect the identity and maintain confidentiality of the patient I have chosen to discuss they shall be known as John, this is accordance with the NMC code of professional conduct (2008). To assist me in the process of reflection I will be using Gibbs (1988) reflective model. The structure of this framework allows the reflection to be written in a clear way, which provides opportunities to look at the incident from a number of perspectives; this will help to highlight areas of practice which could be changed in the future (Jasper, 2003). There are numerous reasons why reflection is important to nurses. Through refle ction we can get to know more about what we do and what limits our abilities and this gives the opportunity to improve the way we care (Ghaye and Lillyman, 2001). Description John was a 74 year old man admitted onto the ward from the emergency department 2 days previous to me starting my first late shift of that week. He had been suffering from retention of urine, and was in considerable pain. My mentor and I were informed during handover that we would be looking after John on this particular shift and could we change the dressing on his right leg as he had an ulcerated leg due to suffering from a condition known as Peripheral Vascular Disease (Alexander el al, 2004). As a consequence of this disease he also had his left leg amputated below the knee some years ago and mobilised using a wheelchair. It became clear during the handover that John had been very difficult the last couple of days. The nurse in charge went on to say that he had thrown items across his room and was constantly pressing his nurse call button and shouting all day, he had also refused to have a wash and change his pyjamas. As we left the room where the handover had taken place, my men tor said she thought that we should change Johns dressing now but first we should get him washed and changed and could I assist her. We gathered all the equipment we needed from the treatment room and made our way to Johns room. I knocked on his door and introduced myself as a student nurse, I then asked John for his consent for me to assist him in having a wash and change of clothing (NMC, 2008). John was sat on his bed, he appeared to be quite tense, he looked up at me and shouted no, I want to see a doctor and I havent had a cigarette for 2 days. I explained that I was here to assist in changing the dressing on his leg and to help him to have a wash and change. I moved closer towards his bed and lowered myself to his eye level. I then began to engage in conversation with him by maintaining a soft tone of voice and asking him if he would like a cup of tea after we had finished. His body language softened and he looked up and smiled, he said I would love one. I smiled back at John, I then repeated the question of assisting him with having a wash and change, whilst maintaining a relaxed posture and eye contact with him. John gave me his consent and I proceeded to assist him in maintaining his personal hygiene with respect and dignity (NMC, 2008). With Johns co operation my mentor and I were then able to go on and change his dressing on his leg. Feelings Through this learning experience I encountered different feelings towards the situation. From the initial handover, the staff nurse in charge did not paint a positive picture of John. I wondered why this particular patient was so aggressive and demanding and the staff described him as being difficult. I felt anxious, as this was my first placement as a first year student and I did not feel experienced enough to deal with the situation. During my encounter with John it became clear why he would feel so angry and frustrated. I noticed he didnt have a wheelchair in his room, and it became apparent that he was a smoker. He also hadnt been given any nicotine replacement therapy to help him cope with his withdrawal symptoms. When the full extent of Johns situation became clear to me, I felt immense frustration for him. According to the NMC Code of Professional Conduct (2008), nurses should treat patients with respect and maintain their dignity. With John not having a wheelchair, he was con fined to his bed and therefore had lost his autonomy. The situation also made me very angry, reflecting back I feel I should have been more assertive and maybe questioned why Johns requests had been ignored by the staff. Evaluation It was a shame that the professional staff acted the way that they did, ignoring how angry and frustrated John had become and not acting upon it. The nurses compassion and communication skills seemed to be very much lacking, not listening to his requests and showing no feeling towards him. This breakdown in communication in the nurse patient relationship with john, left him feeling frustrated and not in control of his own wellbeing (Garnham, 2001). At first, I could not see any good points in this situation; however looking back I can see that it did have its positive side, in as much as allowing me to examine myself and to search for my short fallings in relation to the incident. The incident has also given me the opportunity to link theory to practice. The way I communicated with John had a positive outcome for both of us in that his personal hygiene needs were met, and I learnt that effective communication is essential in building a trusting bond between the patient and the nurse (Almond Yardley, 2009). The bad points of this experience were that I judged John based on the information I received during handover without meeting him first. This could have created a barrier between myself and the patient. Accepting a patient as a unique individual and without judgment is very important in the communication process. I have learnt from this experience that as nurses we should respect a patients beliefs and values, and we should not let our own beliefs and values affect our decision making in patient care (Rogers, 1957). I also feel I should have been more assertive when it came to the way John was being treated by the staff. As a first year student I did not feel comfortable questioning the way a professional staff nurse carried out her nursing care. However, from this experience I will question bad practice in future, as the NMC (2008) states that I am personally accountable for my actions and omissions in my practice and I must always be able to justify my decisions. Analysis According to Briggs (2006) as cited in compendium of clinical skills Communication is the process of conveying information between two or people. Communication is essential in building relationships with patients and gaining trust. In the NHS the majority of the complaints brought against them were for poor communication from healthcare staff (Pincock 2004). To highlight how important communication is in the nursing profession, the NMC identified it as being an essential skill and only if a student is competent in this skill can they then go on and register as a nurse (NMC 2007b). In order to communicate with John the situation required the use of interpersonal skills, known as non verbal and verbal communication. Non verbal communication is described by lister and dogherty p62 as being information transmitted without speaking. Johns body language indicated that he was tense and anxious therefore approaching him with empathy ensured that he is being understood and that his participation in communication was valued (Peate 2006)nurs 21st. Given the history of Johns aggressive outbursts it was necessary to consider the proxemics in the situation. It is recommended that keeping within a distance of 4 to 12 feet away from a person is less intimidating for them (Egan 2002). In order to engage in conversation with John, Egans (2002) acronym SOLER was used. This is a process of using body language to actively listen to a person. By sitting squarely towards John, having an open posture, leaning in towards him, maintaining eye contact and maintaining a relaxed posture, encouraged him to relax and feel less intimidated and therefore talk more openly (Lister and Dougherty). Verbal communication with John was enhanced by the use of facial expression and paraverbal communication. (Fund Nursing p195) states that Facial expressions give clues that support, contradict or disguise the verbal message, therefore the use of a smile when approaching John indicated warmth and friendliness. This was assisted further by the use of para communication; these are the cues that accompany verbal language. These include tone, pitch, speed and volume of the person speaking, therefore by communicating with John with a soft tone of voice added further meaning to the spoken words (fund nurs). The barriers in communication during this incident were Johns aggressiveness. This could have been due to the withdrawal from cigarettes, as according to Bruce (2008) irritability is a symptom of nicotine withdrawal. If a patient is unable to smoke in hospital then nicotine replacement therapy should be introduced and the patient treated like any other dependant. Bruce (2008) suggests that Withdrawal from nicotine needs to be recognised and treated appropriately in the acute hospital and it will often be the ward nurses who are relied on to recognise the symptoms. These symptoms were overlooked by the staff and to add to his frustration he had no means of mobility to be able to leave the ward for a cigarette. This may account for his outbursts of anger. Peplau (2004) suggests that when there is an obstacle or obstruction preventing a person from achieving their goals this may lead to frustration which in turn often leads to anger. Action Plan Using Gibbss reflective cycle has assisted me in making sense of the situation and to put things into perspective, recognising how I can put this learning experience to positive use in my future practice as a Nursing professional. If this situation were to arise again I know I would now have the courage to question the nurses attitude at an earlier stage pointing out that bad practice by anyone is not acceptable. From this experience I have learnt that I need to be more assertive and if I feel the needs of a patient are not being met, my first consideration should be to protect the interests and safety of patients, in line with the NMC (2002) Code of Professional Conduct, (clause 8). This reflection has highlighted the need to increase my knowledge and understanding of the process of communicating with patients from different cultural backgrounds, I will address these issues by, listening and learning from the qualified staff and by reading relevant literature. Conclusion In conclusion it can be seen that the nurse has a very important role in communicating with patients through their treatment. When a patient is admitted to hospital, assessments should be made based on the activities of daily living, Roper, Logan Tierney (2000). Johns assessment not only should have identified the level of care needed, it should also have established his normal routine, and the fact that he was a smoker and required a wheelchair for mobility. If Johns needs had been assessed correctly the breakdown in the relationship between John and the professional staff could have been prevented. Overall, through this reflection I have learnt that communication is an essential skill that requires as much practice and consideration as any other aspect of nursing.

The Injustice Of Slavery :: Slavery Essays

The Injustice of Slavery Slaves were people who were taken from their home land in Africa and brought to America, to serve as servants on farms, doing household chores, etc. Slaves were used from the beginning of time, by people like the Egyptians. Now a days it is illegal to own slaves, but it still happens. And to this day African Americans are discriminated. In my opinion, that is just not fair, they did not ask to come over to our country, we brought them here. We are the ones to blame. Yet, they have to pay. If you were a black man and had a trial with a white jury, you will probably be guilty. If you are a black man, many white people will try to steer clear of you, or look at you in a funny way. How did slaves actually become free, you might be asking yourself. It all began with a man named Abraham Lincoln, he wanted to set slaves free. But the southern states had large plantations and needed slaves to help, so this was not a good idea, in their opinion. This controversy led to the Civil War, which was eventually won by the north, and slaves were set free in America. But people discriminated slaves very much, and that was not good. Discrimination of African Americans is not that big now a days, but it is still out there. Discrimination sort of died out when a man named Martin Luther King, Jr. expressed some of his thoughts about discrimination. His famous speech was entitled "I Have a Dream". Back before his speech, African Americans were not treated as people. They had to stand at the back of the bus, they had to live in a certain area of town, they could not use the white restrooms or

Live Theatre Review

The actors and director of The â€Å"Woman In Black† had complete power and control over the audience's reactions and emotions. For our Drama GCSE we went to see â€Å"The Woman in Black†, on Monday 1st December 2003. The play was showing at the Fourtune theatre and was based on a book by Susan Hill; which was adapted by Stephen Mallatratt. The â€Å"Woman In Black† is about a middle aged solicitor called Arthur Kipps, who years earlier had lost an infant son following some eerie incidents in an English town. In hopes of getting rid of his personal demons and ghosts, he approaches a young actor to turn his written account into a theatre piece (re-enactment.) It shows all of the happenings with a recently deceased woman called Alice Drableau and her remote, mysterious house. The play explores the issues of the supernatural and things beyond the human world, such as ghosts and things that are invisible to the human eye; created by mime and the actors and audience's imagination. I think that the play and the actors explored these issues very well, but I am not sure if they were explored in a believable way. I thought that the first half of the play was quite slow, tedious, and we weren't drawn in so there wasn't any control over us whilst watching it. However, when the play reached the second half the pace started to pick up, and tension was created, which drew us in and gave the actors control over our reactions. It was remarkable how far people in the audience were willing to go with their imaginations. They seemed to be really involved with the performance; I think that to a certain extent we all were. The play was structured with flashbacks and crosscutting which gave us a more in depth understanding of what had happened in the past to effect the future. The actors took us on a journey with them in whichever time they were in. We knew what time they were in, as the actors clicked their fingers towards the lighting technician each time. At first it didn't seem to be part of the performance, later on when it occurred again it was clear that this was a repeated action and was necessary to the play. When actually thinking about it they were actors, acting as though they were acting a re-enactment. Quite confusing I thought. The lights changed from being bright when in the present, to being dim; and almost seemed like sepia tones to give that more ancient feel when in the past. I don't think that this was done as well or creative as it could have been. The clicking to me just seemed odd and something that didn't belong in the play, even though I can understand what they were trying to do. The lighting technician brought us back to reality and removed us from the performance; it drew us back out from the tense gripping story. The tension that was built up before these points suddenly dropped and then tension tried to build up again after that point. The actual changes between times eras was very fast, it was almost like there was a sudden change in tempo for that spilt second. The structure of the stage also affected the amount of space used by the characters. In the first half of the play we only saw half of the stage. The basic layout of it was rather boring. There wasn't much space for anything and the layout just wasn't interesting or eye-catching at all. As the play moved into the second half, the other part of the stage was revealed to us. It was an exciting change that spiced things up a bit. They suddenly had so much more space to work with. The â€Å"Woman in Black† has two main characters. Arthur Kipps played by Paul Stewart and the young actor who is actor Matt Holland. There was also the shadowed â€Å"Woman in Black† (Who is Alice Drableau the deceased,) although she didn't have a huge role in the play. The two main actors portrayed many characters, with the usage of costume and their vocal techniques and tones of voices. I thought that they portrayed the different characters quite well but it definitely wasn't believable for me personally. The actors changed costume in front of us (the audience), which once again drew us away from the drama. In my eyes. Once again, I realise that this was part of the piece, and if you think of it as an actual play, it was a great technique to use. I just found it rather off putting when I was actually getting into the drama; I realised that we weren't seeing the story, we were seeing people tell us and re-enact the story. Some of the two men's movements were very interesting and engaged us in the performance. Mr Kipps didn't really use much movement when narrating. On the other hand when he took on the role of other characters and the young actor played a younger version of Mr Kipps, they used movement to the best of their ability. An example would be a simple motion of a horse and cart. The two characters mimed this very well in a believable way, showing how they would be when on a real horse. A great bit of movement that I found really effective, was when they pretended to be on a train. The actors were really aware of the space and objects around them. For example they used 2 briefcases as doors and a couple of chairs as seats, when walking through the imaginary train and we could tell instantly what it was. One of the men walked sideways along to show the compact space on a train, the two men also sat diagonal from each other which gave us the impression that there could have been more people on t he train. The woman in black definitely had the ultimate power over the other characters reactions, and over us. She moved silently in and out drifting along in an almost Godley fashion and She made it look as though the dark stage was her shadowed sky; she was swooping down and scaring the prey. We were the prey, and we were shocked, in fact some people did let their emotions get the better of them. She wore pinnacled headgear, under a black veil. The black costume seemed as though it was to symbolise death and possibly evil. I would say that the actors had partial control over the audience and controlled the tension and atmosphere. The blackouts and lighting also helped create the woman in black's fast movement on the rocking chair; she was furious, focused and very creepy in a psychotic sort of way. This drew us in further. A rocking chair normally moves slowly and contains a nice old person maybe knitting. It came as a huge shock when this happened, because it was such a huge contrast. There were two moments where there was a huge amount of control on the audience. The young actor approached a door this was concealed before and as it is now in light we are intrigued to know what is behind it. There was a lot of tension at this point and the use of pauses made the intense slow hand movements towards the door quite nerve-wracking. It was surprising how much this affected people. A great moment of tension which created a really strong atmosphere was when the young actor who was pretending to be Mr Kipps was sleeping. There was a long empty silence and a complete blackout. This was a moment that was really tense, we the audience were also in a total blackout, so they were putting us in the same situation. We were under control, as we couldn't see anything, so we didn't really know what was going on or what was going to happen. We were really involved. The actor also used a torch in the audience, whilst the whole room was black. The light was shone all around the audience, kind of like a spotlight. This whole moment, reminds me of childhood and being scared of the dark. Set, lighting, props and special effects I feel were all necessary to create a real sense of atmosphere. There were quite a few sound effects, to try and make the play seem as real as possible. Not only that, but some of the sound effects seemed to be symbolic. The sound of crows at the Graveyard, I'm sure this is a bad omen, death and a sign of evil. The sound of a rocking chair, which sounded like a heartbeat racing, to build tension and suspense. A double use. A music box in the Childs room, so innocent, yet the music seemed quite creepy when in the dark. Lots of them seemed to symbolise childhood, the innocence, and good. Because we knew what was going on and it was dark and tense, that goodness seemed almost possessed by evil. I thought that the sets were great and were concealed very well behind the gauze. It helped them to change the environment and setting quite efficiently without us knowing. From a graveyard which was furniture covered in white sheets maybe to symbolise ghosts, or when a person is dead them being covered in a sheet to be concealed. A sense of age and death. We saw the old house, which was covered in sheets again, kind of like an old house that hasn't been lived in for years, derelict. They created long stairs for the characters to run up and down, that for me seemed to create a gradual build to something. There must have been something at the top of the stairs. Also a child's room. A sweet little room, distorted from the innocence of it as soon as the woman in black steps in it. The play ended at a climactic cliff-hanger and it was gradually built up to a high point of tension. I personally didn't find it a fear-provoking piece of drama although I know others did, and I can understand how it happened. People were sucked into the drama and its world and certain things didn't remove them from it. I felt that all of the clicking and the people in the audience screaming just distracted me too much for me to actually enjoy it. I thought that they made a great effort with only two actors, it must have been a lot of hard work, and it used lots of great techniques. They definitely used role play a lot, when becoming different characters and acting out their situations. Marking the moment, using sound and light to emphasis something, such as the immensely tense movement towards the door; will he open it won't he? Clear usage of crosscutting to show us different times they also used different lighting to show this. Narration, this kept informing us of what was going o n, Mr Kipps was telling us the story. I think that the playwright wrote the play to make the audience think about death, how it is a time of isolation. Maybe to make us remember a time when we were scared, something that everyone can relate to. Fear. I think he also wanted to tell a story that would excite people and to bring the typical ghost story to the 2lst century. People enjoy being scared because they get to use their imagination. Most of the play just really reminded me of childhood memories, something that everyone in the audience could relate to. Being scared of the darkness, that children's room with the music coming from a doll, the excitement of discovering something, bag loads of curiocity.This was why we felt so involved, small parts of the play would have related to us as the audience. We all know it is safe environment/ atmosphere, and that the play isn't real life, but there is still that sense of danger. The thrill of not knowing something. The idea that we have all been scared in our lives, something that we can relate to. The thing is that I thought most things were just too predictable. We knew something was going to happen, we could kind of guess what would happen; we just didn't know when it would happen.

Definition of Aggregate Demand

Definition of Aggregate Demand Definition: Aggregate demand is the sum of all demand in an economy. This can be computed by adding the expenditure on consumer goods and services, investment, and net exports (total exports minus total imports). Terms related to Aggregate Demand: DemandSpeculative DemandAggregate Supply About.Com Resources on Aggregate Demand: Aggregate Demand Aggregate Supply Practice QuestionCost-Push Inflation vs. Demand-Pull InflationSupply Shocks, Demand Shocks and the AD/AS Model Writing a Term Paper? Here are a few starting points for research on Aggregate Demand: Books on Aggregate Demand: Aggregate Demand and MacRoeconomic Imbalances in Thailand: Simulations With the Siam 1 ModelThe Federal Reserves response to aggregate demand and aggregate supply shocksAggregate Demand, Productivity, and Disguised Unemployment in the Chinese Industrial Sector Journal Articles on Aggregate Demand: The Dynamic Effects of Aggregate Demand and Supply DisturbancesCredit, Money, and Aggregate DemandAggregate Demand Management in Search Equilibrium

Dove Essays

Dove Essays Dove Essay Dove Essay Compare the video images to your own mental pictures and ideas about the poem. Has your understanding of the poem changed? 2. Review the structure of an effective interpretive sentence. Example 1 Consider the following question from Sound and a sample sentence like the kind you might construct. Remember that the structural elements of an interpretive sentence include: the context, a literary device, text examples, interpretation, and connecting words that create coherence. Question: Why are irregular lines, enjambment, and pauses within a line appropriate for a poem with a seaside setting? In Dover Beach complex rhythmic patterns capture the motion of waves rolling onto a seashore and withdrawing: short and long lines visually imitate the waves movement; enjambment and internal pauses echo the simultaneous but opposing forces of incoming waves and the underlying outward pull of the sea. Example 2 Consider the information in the first multiple-choice question from Meaning and a sample sentence like the kind you might construct. QUESTION 1: Each stanza of Dover Beach has a specific setting-?suggested through literal description, allusion, or metaphor. Choose the most accurate answer about eating and mood in the poem: A window view of the English Channel, evoking both peaceful and sad feelings Allusions to the glory of ancient Greece and the recurring tragedy of human misery The past glory of a metaphorical Sea of Faith and the present reality of melancholy The speakers wish for fulfillment and the despair of a metaphorical battle scene All of the above Sample Sentence: In all the stanzas of Dover Beach, language describing setting suggests positive and negative moods, a part of the larger motif of contrast conveyed by setting-?sea and land, present and past, real and advertorial places, the individual and society, national and universal identity. 3. Construct at least ten interpretive sentences. As resources, use the questions and answers from Meaning along with your writing. Consult the poem and the Glossary as needed. Many items may yield more than one sentence. QUESTION 2: In the style of the dramatic monologue, the speaker add resses a listener. Stanza 3 best illustrates this listeners absence from the speakers mind; the speaker seems lost in his melancholy thoughts, completely forgetting his lovers presence. RESPONSE WRITER: What is ironic bout the speakers attitude (given the romantic setting) and his lyric voice (given the definition of a dramatic monologue)? QUESTION 3: Analyze the language of the poem. The s sound occurs repeatedly as initial, medial, and end sounds in words throughout Dover Beach. The sibilants in the first stanza are sea, lies, straits, coast, Gleams, cliffs, stand, vast, sweet, spray, sea, meets, Listen, pebbles, waves, strand, cease, tremulous, cadence, slow, sadness RESPONSE WRITER: Observe the use of is sounds in the remainder of the poem as well. With specific examples, explain why the repetition of this mound is appropriate, given the setting and mood. QUESTION 4: In the first stanza of Dover Beach, the sea/land words and the words that refer to sound and visual images are Sea: sea, tide, straits, bay, spray, waves Land: coast, cliffs, land, pebbles, strand Sound: Listen, hear, grating roar, waves, cadence, note Visual Images: moon, light/Gleams, Glimmering, tranquil bay, moon-blanched RESPONSE WRITER: Observe the general locations of each of these four groups of words in the stanza. What do these examples of diction and imagery contribute to the poems motif of contrast and connected opposites? QUESTION 5: Diction conveys both positive and negative moods. The words in the first stanza that have positive connotations and those with negative connotations are Positive: calm, full, fair, gleams, glimmering, tranquil, sweet Negative: grating, roar, draw back, fling, tremulous, sadness RESPONSE WRITER: Think about the ideas and moods communicated through these contrasting patterns of words. Does moon-blanched land belong with the list of positive or negative connotations? Support your answer by commenting on the mean inning and locations of words with positive and negative connotations n this and the remaining stanzas of the poem. QUESTION 6: In the first stanza of Dover Beach, the motif of contrast and connected opposites is reinforced by all of these devices: 1 . Geographical details: Opposite shores of England and France are connected by water and the speakers viewpoint 2. Spatial details: Narrow window, close at hand, frames the distant sea and land 3. Reflective observation and direct address: Inward self-reflection merges with social interaction 4. Apparatus: Opposing movements of waves are connected by repeated coordinate conjunctions QUESTION 7: Despite its irregularity, the hymen scheme of Dover Beach has meaningful patterns. The end rhymes for words in the first stanza and their patterns are ABA: to-night, fair, light c:stand, land, strand db:bay, night-air, spray e:roar (rhymes with shore and roar in stanza 3) fog:fling, begin, bring in RESPONSE WRITER: How do these rhymes support the motif of contrast and connected opposites in Dover Beach? QUESTION 8: The following language choices and literary devices in the second stanza are parallel to an element of the first stanza: Allusions: Sophocles and the ?Egan parallel the speaker by he English Channel The pronoun it: Heard it refers to the grating roar; brought it parallels bring/The eternal note of sadness in The pronoun we: The pronoun we refers to the speaker and the listener in the first stanza Repetition: Repetition of Begin, and cease, and then again begin parallels ebb and flow QUESTION 9: Clarify the metaphor in the first three lines of the third stanza. Both the sea and the bright girdle furled are part of the vehicle. The best description of its tenor is IA universal faith once unified and enhanced human existence. The tenor of the metaphor is its abstract meaning.

The role of unstable political structures on the effects of Essay

The role of unstable political structures on the effects of deregulation on competition - Essay Example This literature looks in detail the effects of political instability in the region in attracting foreign investment in the region. The telecommunication industry in UAE has shown incredible progress, this has been propelled by the government's effort intended at the deregulation of telecommunication market and bringing in competition. This has been an initiative of Telecommunication regulatory authority (TRA) which aims at enhancing competition in UAE telecommunication market. The literature looks in depth the flourishing telecom sector in UAE and gives an insight of market trends dominating telecommunication market (Jones; 46; 2006). Political willpower in UAE has also been criticized due to its failure to create conducive environment for economic players to venture in its market. Corruption in Middle East has also been a major hindrance in creating a fair play environment for investors. The literature focuses specifically on UAE liberalization of its telecommunication industry. It looks in detail effects of deregulation in UAE telecommunication market in bringing competition (Ritchie; 123; 1994). United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation made up of seven self-governing states. UAE was declared independent in 1971 from Britain. In November 2004 president Sheikh Zavid Ibn Sultan Al Nuhayyan died ending 33 years of power since independence. His son Sheikh Khalifa ibn Zayid Al Nuhayyan who had been prince of Abu Dhabi succeeded his father in a smooth transition. UAE has enjoyed political stability through combination of a unique political system, which is made up of a mixture of traditional and modern administrative structures. There are no democratically chosen political parties as well as institutions. The UAE government has been under criticism by human rights group for restricting freedom of speech and that of press. The Media does not criticize its government directly also freedom of speech and religion has also been curtailed in the Islamic run country. The government has put in place a law that allows ministry of information to approve the selected editors and to license all publications. The law also controls press content and press is expected to practice self censorship (WTO; 2009). Those who comment negatively against Islam, ruling families and the government risk life imprisonment. All imported materials are reviewed by ministry of information and culture before it is distributed. Membership in the professional body of journalists (Association of journalists) is restricted to those who only work for the government run media companies. UAE telecom is one of the most developed markets with highly technological advanced infrastructure in Middle East. However until 2007 UAE's telecommunication industry had been dominated by one company, Emirates Telecommunication Corporation (Etisalat).Another company by name Emirates Integrated Telecommunication company (EITC) running by brand "du" was installed to manage telecom services in UAE (Frauke; 139; 2004). Conceptual issues: Political instability

Kew gardens by virginia woold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kew gardens by virginia woold - Essay Example Impressionism considers the commonplace, and the snail in Kew Gardens is any day commonplace; so are the leaves and the pebbles, flowers and butterflies. Both the movements advocate powerful exercises in bold bright colours. Kew Gardens records strong intermittent flashes of colours by way of its beautiful images. Impressionistic works perceive movement as an immediate result of human experience. Woolf was keen on exploring the theme of movement in the natural and human world; especially in the human psyche. The inspired art work manifests this flurry of movements: the falling leaves, flitting butterflies, hesitant snail and the centric human torso that persists as a burrow of all-flowing thoughts, words, voices. The obscured human image in deliberate unfriendly black and brown, which on closer look is an optical illusion image, represents Woolf’s multiple characters and their tunnel of thoughts going berserk at various angles. It brings out the poignant isolation against the backdrop of the ravages of the Great War. Considering the image to be a female, it signifies the loneliness/widowhood a lot of women had to undergo following the war. If not, the image assumes the psyche of an alienated mind which is so palpably represented by all the characters, especially the senile man, William, Simon and the ponderous maid. The human profile also delineates the theme of introspection. The snail that is prominently depicted in the canvas is not a symbol of lethargy and despair. Rather it reflects a sense of purpose and optimism. The art work successfully encapsulates this idea by catching its profile in mid air, looking up and deciding. The display of reflections in natural light is a downright characteristic portrayed well in that-era work. The art work has successfully captured the shimmer of reflected light in hues of the red, blue and yellow petals that stud the corner crust of the canvas. Post-impressionistic genre believed in retaining the basic shapes and geometrical patterns as shown by the art work. There are heart- and tongue-shaped leaves, and the pebbles, butterflies, snail are depicted in clean sharp strokes. THE SHORT STORY Linear narrative takes a back foot in Virginia Woolf’s writing and she generously employs stream of consciousness and interior monologue to build up her story. Kew Gardens is set against the backdrop of an estranged world produced by the war and industrialisation. The reader has to plumb for the social context in which Woolf chose Kew Gardens. The garden was beautified by successive directors to reveal a Victorian glory. However, the war dealt a severe blow where the garden space was cultivated to cater to the food shortage. Its image was affected and modernist writers like Woolf couldn’t help sourcing this fractured view in their writing. Woolf offers us a splendid ironical treatment by choosing the setting of Kew Gardens-a place where people come for respite and recuperation. She emphasises geometrical patterns and deflected light. Thus the garden becomes an ironic symbol where human drama is rejected and the manufactured natural space becomes a walking ground for alienation and restive existence. The companionship of each pair is ironic too. They’re with each other but actually walk the ground alone. The old man may be the conventional spectacle of senility but we find that one in each pair at varying points of time

Nursing education in the present-day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nursing education in the present-day - Essay Example The key to this problem is difference between expectations and reality. The university-workplace transition is, therefore, marked by the students' expectations of the graduate year and the hard reality that they encounter in the workforce setting (Heslop, L. et al., 2001). In response to this perceived gap and in response to the understanding that this will affect the employee satisfaction and employee retention, most of the hospitals developed transition programmes, such as, nurse externship that offered the fresh graduates scope to develop clinical skills enough to enter the formal work force. The conditions that promoted such a plan still exist, and now the authorities having seen the benefits of such transition programmes and having sensed the stresses commonly faced by new registered nurses are stressing on the successful transition of the new graduates to the registered nurse role (Starr, K., and Conley, V.M. 2006). The three factors inherent in special attention to the transition phase of a registered nurse are changes in nursing condition, changing nursing education and healthcare trends, and the reality shock that the new nurses experience. The other agenda was to ease the transition from a student to registered nurse by creating opportunities for the new nurses to acquire basic nursing skill competence and to develop confidence in practice (Allison et al., 1984). The benefits would be immense. If the registered nurses continue to work in the same environment in the second year of practice, the falls and falters of the first year in the phase of transition would enrich the nurses' experience and would allow them to develop a customized strategy for the same environment, if not by experience, at least by...Wellington: Ministry of Health, Published in January 2004 by the Ministry of Health, PO Box 5013, Wellington, New Zealand. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and British Medical Association ( 2000). Teamworking in Primary Healthcare. Realizing Shared Aims in Patient Care. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and British Medical Association.

Understand a Child and Young Persons Development Essay Example for Free

Understand a Child and Young Persons Development Essay Physical development 0-3 months New babies start swallowing and sucking reflexes begin. They grasp your finger if you put your finger in their palm. If babies are held up on their feet they usually make stepping movements. When babies hear a sudden sounds or a light is suddenly switched on they will startle by moving their arms outwards and clenching their fists. Towards the end of 3 months babies look less curled up and startles less as they get used to their new surroundings. 3-6 months- By now they have grown in height and have gained weight. Babies are likely to cry less and learn the difference between day and night and are able to sleep through the night. They will start to smile and the sound of their parent’s voice, and start to lift and turn their heads. 6-9 months- Babies are more alert and turn their heads to see what is happening, they showing they are enjoying themselves by smiling and making noises. They can now react out to grab a toy and pass it from one hand to another. They try to communicate by making noises back to you as if they are talking and answering your questions. They also try to grab the spoon when you are trying to feed them at this age. Babies sit up with a support of their high chair or a person or propped up with pillows. They start rolling on their back from their fronts. 9-12 months- Most babies by now are starting to crawl and finding their way around, even if it’s rolling or shuffling. They now sit out without any support and they want to explore so much more. They pick up objects and become more skilled at this. They feed themselves with their fingers. 1-2 years- At this age children can stand up and hold onto furniture, they can crawl very quickly and being skilled at using their hands. They get repeative with things they do such as taking hat off or pulling socks off, this also gets the adults attention. At 18months they begin to find their feet more and enjoy the freedom it gives them. They now can sit on toys and push themselves along with their legs for example- a small truck. 2-4 years- At 2 years old children move confidently and enjoy walking and being able to choose what they want to play with. They may start running and climbing at this age or it could take them till 3 years, depends on the child. They now enjoy pedaling a tricycle or pushing it along with their feet. Some children at this age can walk upstairs using alternative feet. 4-7 years- Children are now using their hands everyday for themselves enjoying activities such as coloring, painting, threading, pouring, controlling a mouse on the computer, and using scissors. They are also able to catch and throw a ball, kick and control a ball. Being to write and using more fine motor skills. 7- 12 years- At this age children find writing and reading a lot easier, handwriting becomes neater and drawings. Also cutting things out is more accurate. From 9 onwards they can now read, write , draw. They have greater coordination and speed when carrying out both fine and large movements, Such as running, football. 12-16 years- Physical changes start happening to the body to prepare for adulthood. Girl’s puberty starts around 11 years, whereas boys may not start until they are 13 or 14 years old. This can cause embarrassment and fell anxious. 16- 19 years- Body changes to prepare for adulthood. Boys may get beards and their voices may start to change. Girls around the age of 15 or 16 will have finished puberty, whereas the boys may have started age 13 or 14 and is likely to take about 3 years to complete. Intellectual and cognitive development 0-3 months- Babies will recognize the smell and sounds of parents voice, they may stop crying when this happens knowing that they are safe. They also try hard to focus on your face, but hold them 20-25 cm away from you as they may be able to see you. 3-6 months- They start to notice mobiles and other objects around them and watch people move around. 6-9 months- Babies explore objects with their mouth as well as their fingers. They will spend a lot of time sitting and playing. Around 8-9 months babies understand that objects and people still exist even when they are not in sight. This is where they make a fuss when their familiar career leaves the room. 9-12 months- They explore objects with their hands and mouth. They start to recognize the daily routine, e.g. know when its dinner time, or bath time they get excited when maybe you start running the bath or put them in their highchair ready for dinner. 1-2 years- Children at this age start to understand more of what is happening around them, they understand more of what is people said. They also have an enjoyment of pop-up toys and play with building bricks and do simple jigsaw puzzles. They recognize the daily routines such as becoming excited when they hear the bath water running as they know its bath time. They start to want some independence at this age, and are developing as individuals. 2-4 years- Children at this age play with small world e.g. farm animals, peppa pig and pretend in the role play area they act out everyday thing and copy what they may have seen at home. E.g. mum washing up or dad making the dinner. They become interested in mark making, painting and books. 4-7 years- They will start to plan their own play and have definite ideas of what they want to do and achieve, they are also becoming even more independent. Children at this age concentrate when activity is interesting to them and have the ability to count and do simple calculations. They also read books silently on their own. 7-12 years- Children at this age can read books silently on their own, they also organize their own play and games and can problem solve e.g. how to play a game. And they enjoy practical situations in which they have to work things out for themselves. 12-16 years- At this age children can problem solve and reason on their own, they also understand the more abstract concepts. They also may try to push the boundaries at home and question why they are in place. 16-19 years- Young people at this age have a higher level of skills such as computers, mobile phone and all the latest technology. And they explore their own identity and develop own personality and create their own space. Communication development 0-3 months- Babies start to cry when hungry tired or distressed, they also start to coo when contented for about 5 weeks. Babies cry to communicate their needs and parents may start to understand the different is types of cries. Babies may stop crying when they hear their parents soothing voice. 3-6 months- At this age babies will start to smile back when they see a smiling face they also start to show they understand a little of what is being said to them. They try to communicate back by cooing and gargling 6-9 months- Babies arms start lifting up to show their parents or carer they want to be picked up they show they understand a little of what is being communicated to them by smiling and squealing 9-12 months- Babies are developing language at this age, they start to make tuneful strings of babbling. They start to point fingers to draw attention of parents for objects they want and have an understanding of what some words mean e.g. get excited when they hear words such as drink or dinner. 1-2 years- At 1 year old strings of babbling are still they way in which babies try to communicate but are beginning to use first words which are usually noticed bye their parents or carers around the age of 13 months. Children at 18 months are still developing their language skills, they start to use a few words e.g. ‘ juice’ ‘muma’ ‘dada’ they understand a lot more of what adults are saying to them. Towards the age of two years they may have a vocabulary of up to 200 words 2-4 years- Children at this age start putting together two words such as ‘daddy gone’ and their speech begins to be understood by adults. By three years their language is really starting to develop they express their ideas and are even starting to use sentences. Children at this age start to pick up what is being said around them and may use this in their communication. 4-7 years- Speech is now easily understood they are beginning to develop friendships and enjo y communicating with their friends and asking them questions. At the age of 5 plus they have the ability to socialize such as beginning to hear and make jokes. 7-12 years- At this age they are telling a lot more jokes and enjoy chatting to their friends. They will start to have verbal arguments with friends and family they also can become persuasive and make deals with people. At 9 years old they can now read write and draw and show imagination. 12-16 years- At this age they have good reading and writing skills they also can be persuasive and make deals with adults and peers. They can use phones and other technologies to communicate such as instant messaging sites. 16-19 years- At this age the use of phones and technology is very important to them to communicate with their friends. Friends are very important at this age more important than being with their family because they feel they are better to go to for support and advice. Social, emotional and behavioral development 0-3 months- Babies love close contact between their primary carers , especially when their feeding. Babies smile when they are asleep and they begin to smile when content around 5 weeks old. 3-6months- They sleep a lot less at this age, and smile more often as they are alert of parent’s voice and movement. They enjoy bath time. 6-9months-Babies around 6 months are usually settled in a routine. They smile a lot when they are playing with familiar people. 9-12months- Babies try to stay close to their parents or carers at this age. They will protest when they leave the room as they know they are gone and it might work to get them to come back. 1-2years- Children at this age stay close to their parents or carers and can get anxiety if people they don’t know come over to them or pick them up. This is the age they become interested in playing with other children, and appear to have signs of temper and frustration. 2-4 years- Children at this age play next to other children but not necessary with them, they copy what other children do and put this into play. Temper tantrums can become more frequent at this age. By the age of 3 years some children may play with other children more and they become more cooperative in play. 4-7 years- At this age they start to play with other children and they begin to form friendships and know who they like to play with, and may seek this friend out to play with. They may have the odd argument with their friend over a toy but it is soon resolved. They also respond well to adults praise. 7-12 years- Children have stable friendships by now and are going over to friend’s houses for tea and maybe over night. They have enthusiasm when given responsibility. E.g. when asked to watch little brother or sister. 12-16 years- At this age they have very strong attachments with friends and this is very important to them. They may experience pressure at school and become anxious about going to school. They start to try and push boundaries in their relationships with their parents. 16-19years- Young adults have confidence and enjoyment when it comes to relationships with their peers. They may feel left out if they don’t have a group of friends. Behaviour could be linked to low self esteem which could lead to drinking, drugs and early promiscuity. Moral development 0-3months- Babies have their first smile at about 5 to 6 weeks old. 3-6 months- Babies show joy by smiling, cooing and laughing when they are fed, comfortable or safe. 6-9 months- At this age babies show joy by smiling, cooing and laughing when they are fed, comfortable or safe. They cry when distressed or unhappy. 9-12 months-Babies at this age have no understanding of right or wrong, but starts to understand word ‘NO’ when applied with a firm voice. 1 2 years Sensitive to adult approval and disapproval, despite tantrums and bursts of anger. No understanding of right from wrong, but understanding yes or no. 2-4 years –No understanding of right or wrong but start to follow simple rules most of time. By the age of 3 and a half they are beginning to know right from wrong and are more self-controlled and less aggressive. They want to be good, but is not yet sure how to carry out most promises. 4-7 years –Children at this age are willing to be good, but may tell lies or blame others for doing wrong because of intense desire to please and do right. 7-12 years –Children at this age may experience guilt and shame. They have difficulty admitting mistakes. Is aware of right and wrong and they want to do right. 12-16 years –Children by now know right and wrong, they try to weigh up alternatives and make some decisions alone .And are usually reasonably thoughtful and at this age they are unlikely to lie. 16-19 years –Young adults at this age experiences feelings of frustration, anger, sorrow, and isolation. May become confused and disappointed and this could result in being interested in early promiscuity as response to physical-emotional urges.

Social Work :: essays research papers

Service Learning Research Paper Dictionary.com defines homelessness as the state or condition of having no home (especially the state of living in the streets), people without homes considered as a group, having no home or haven. The homeless are the most noticeable of America’s social tribulations. You can see homeless individuals everywhere in cities, town, suburbs, and rural areas. Believe it or not everyone has a reason to why they are homeless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well if that is the case, why do many individuals choose to be homeless is the question? Who are the homeless? Are they comfortable with their living situation? Do they have any family? What are wrong with shelters? Who actually goes to shelters? These are many questions you ask yourself. As an issue homelessness first really hit the public consciousness in the early 1980s. By 1987, the federal government had decided to help, passing the McKinney Act, which directed federal money to support homeless shelters. Yet 15 years later, the cycle continues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It has been suggested that newly homeless people are more likely to bypass the shelters and use their homeless assistance money to stay in a motel. Because the government assistance is not sufficient to help the most needy† (Seltser & Miller, pg 48). Again you ask yourself what is the meaning of being homeless? Just think about people who sleep on a park bench thinking warm thoughts, while you’re sleeping in a bed as comfortable as a cloud. Talley, Eitzen, & Timmer stated that, public welfare fails to supply adequate levels of wages and housing support that would avoid them from becoming homeless. People might lose their homes due to loss of employment, overwhelming medical expenses and debt, or domestic violence. Homelessness can affect people of any age or gender, but the majority of homeless people are elderly men, single women with young children, and teens who have run away from home. You can categorize homelessness as a social class. Race also plays an important role, since people of color are among the extremely poor. There are people with many different problems that force then to become homeless. They do however all have one thing in common they have nowhere to live. Some factors that contribute to homelessness in America that make it unpreventable are the lack of education, economic factors and mental illness. Lack of education is something that is looked down upon in today’s society.

Dylan Thomas :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dylan Thomas combines his vibrant imagery with his adolescent experiences in South Whales and London to produce the realistic tale â€Å"The Followers†. His interest in writing short stories like â€Å"The Followers† stems from the beginning part of his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas spent his days growing up in Swansea, South Whales with his father, a grammar school English teacher. His father encouraged his early interest in reading and writing. Some of his early poetry was published in local literary writing journals. Thomas grew up in the late 1920’s and the 1930’s. â€Å"In the 1930’s, when the trend toward social and political commentary dominated the arts, Thomas began pursuing more personal themes that originated in his own experiences† (Gunton and Harris 358). Thomas would then incorporate these experiences into his poetry. For example, the poem â€Å"The Ballad of the Long-Legged Bait† is about a fisherman he probably saw around growing up in Swansea. In 1934 Thomas began moving between London and several villages where he started drinking a lot and â€Å"epitomized the raucous image of an artist† After WW II, Thomas began writing more short stories rather than poetry (Gunton and Harri s 358).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Much earlier stories focus on a theme of either birth or death. Because of this, Thomas’s early period has been called his â€Å"womb-tomb† era (Gunton and Harris 358). As Thomas’s writing style evolved, he would begin to experiment with new techniques. He started using vibrant images and using sound as â€Å"verbal music†, creating his own poetic style (Gunton and Harris 358). However, many times Thomas will try to convey emotions that are too complex for any lyrical treatment. Other times the opposite can be true and he gives too intricate an elaboration to simple feelings (Olsen 366). These elements of Thomas’ style are evident in his poems and stories, such as â€Å"The Followers†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The roster of characters in â€Å"The Followers† are the unnamed narrator, his good pal Leslie, and a girl whom they call â€Å"Hermoitte Weatherby†. The narrator and Leslie meet in a pub on a rainy, London night. They leave after a while, due to lack of funds and decide to have a spot of fun by following a girl they don’t know (Hermoitte) to her home. They spend the evening watching â€Å"Hermoitte† and her mom doing a lot of nothing they are discovered by them and a third unknown voice inside. They flee their window perch in a hurry and call it a night.

Matsushita and Japan’s Changing Culture Essay

1. What were triggers of cultural change in Japan during the 1990s? How is cultural change starting to affect traditional values in Japan? Cultural change in Japan during the 1990s has a few factors. One of them was the richer society. The society being richer than the previous times made the new generation feel that they had greater opportunities rather than being tied to a company for life and being a â€Å"salary-man†. The western culture was also a big influence in this respect. The laying off of older workers also made them believe that loyalty to a company might not be reciprocated. Cultural change is starting to affect the traditional values in Japan. Values like strong group identification, reciprocal obligations and loyalty to their company are being taken over by individualism and lack of loyalty. People don’t want to be tied to a company for life anymore. 2. How might Japan’s changing culture influence the way Japanese businesses operate in the future? What are the potential implications of such changes for the Japanese economy? Japan’s changing culture will influence the way Japanese businesses operate in the future. Companies might change their benefits and pay structure from traditional retirement plan structure. They might allow employees to choose from different type of employment contracts where they can choose greater salary to forego company housing, lifetime employment guarantee, seniority benefits and retirement bonuses. The potential implications of such changes in the Japanese economy might be the rise of a dynamic workforce with ambitious individuals who would be rational and logical in their thinking. This workforce can be the agent of the economic growth of Japan in the future. 3. How did traditional Japanese culture benefit Matsushita during the 1950s-1980s? Did traditional values become more of a liability during the 1990s and early 2000s? How so? The traditional Japanese culture helped Matsushita achieve its goals during the 1950s – 1980s because in response to all the benefits Matsushita gave to its employees, the employees worked hard for the greater good of the company. The employees were given guaranteed lifetime employment and so the employees never left the company. Matsushita took care of them from â€Å"cradle to the grave† by bestowing â€Å"blessings† on employees. The traditional values did become liability during the 1990s and early 2000s because the company faced financial crisis and its growth slowed down, but it couldn’t lay its  employees off because of the lifetime employment guarantee. 4. What is Matsushita trying to achieve with human resource changes it has announced? What are the impediments to successfully implementing these changes? What are the implications for Matsushita if (a) the changes are made quickly or (b) it takes years or even decades to fully implement the changes? With the human resource changes it has announced, Matsushita is trying to achieve a younger workforce that is encouraged with individuality, initiative taking and risk seeking. It wants its young managers to become rational and logical, ambitious and aggressive, and at the same time to create an organization that can carry out their ambitious plans. One of the impediments to successfully implementing these changes is the lifetime employment commitment, which held Matsushita back from cutting off unnecessary management staffs. Also, the existing managers are performing poorly because of their old way of doing things. Again, since it cannot lay workers off, it has to cut back on its hiring and this is triggered by the slow growth rate. Implications for Matsushita: (a) If changes are made quickly, the company would have a dynamic workforce that would increase the growth rate. But that would lack the loyalty of its employees, which is still a very strong force to keep the company going. (b) If Matsushita takes too much time, it might fall back and become unable to revolutionize its workforce. If old employees do not make way for new employees, the company will have a slower growth rate with an aging workforce. 5. What does the Matsushita case teach you about the relationship between societal culture and business success? The Matsushita case teaches us that societal culture and business success are very closely related. This is because the culture in the organization is a very important driver of its success and this culture is shaped and determined by the existing culture of the society.

Cisco Global Business Strategy

Cisco Global Business Strategy Introduction The current competitive business world has presented many opportunities and challenges to different companies. This is as far as globalization is concerned. Different companies have been enhancing their operations to reach a wide market through globalization. The main aim of this report is to asses Cisco Systems Inc in relation to its strategic positioning in the market.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Cisco Global Business Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, the report will analyze and evaluate various strategic challenges that the company is facing. As a matter of fact, these strategic challenges will be looked at after a clear assessment of the company has been done. This is because every global or multinational company like Cisco Systems Inc is expected to encounter such challenges in the course of doing business. The report will also carry out a PESTEL analysis. This will be don e to evaluate the current external environmental conditions that the company is facing in its operations. It should be known that every company is exposed to different external environmental conditions that can end up affecting its operations and business. In a broad perspective, the report will evaluate if Cisco Systems Inc is strategically positioned in the market to exploit its strengths and on the other hand defend itself against its own weaknesses. In this case, the report will evaluate if the company’s current strategy is in deed sustainable. This will be done using Michael Porters Five Forces and Three Generic Strategies. As a matter of fact, the current competitive business world offers many opportunities to Cisco Systems Inc. In this case, there are some common urgent issues that the company needs to deal with as far as its global strategy is concerned. Therefore, the report will recommend a good course of action that can be undertaken by the company to deal with suc h issues. Wholesomely, the report will give various recommendations that can be used by the company to enhance its global competitive as far as strategic positioning is concerned. History Cisco Systems Inc is an American global company. The company develops and sells different consumer electronics in various countries. In addition, the company is a big player in communications technology and networking. As a matter of act, it offers different services as far as these aspects are concerned. The company’s headquarters are located at San Jose in California (Bunnell 2000, p. 14).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company has more than 70, 714 employees. In 2010, it is estimated that the company will receive revenues of more than $40 billion (Cisco 2010, p. 16). As a matter of fact, it is rated as one of the world’s largest technological corporations. I n addition, the company trades its stocks on the Dow Jones stock exchange market. It should be known that the company was founded in 1984. As a matter of fact, the company’s name was derived from the name San Francisco (Cisco 2010, p. 6). In a broad perspective, Cisco Systems Inc was one of the first companies to sell good routers that had the capacity deal with a large number of network protocols. Currently, its routers are widely used in different countries to enhance the delivery of IP packets. The company has been acquiring other companies to enhance its product base and bring in new talent that can help it to advance its operations. An example of these companies is Stratacom that was acquired to bring in new products. In 2000, the Cisco Systems Inc was the most valuable company around the world (Cisco 2010, p. 12). This was as far as its market capitalization was concerned. Strategic challenges Like every other technological company, Cisco Systems Inc is facing various c hallenges that need to be looked at. These challenges have been increasing as time goes by in relation to various and distinct prevailing market conditions (Paulson 2001, p. 17). As much as the company has faced different strategic challenges, it is the market leader in switches and routers. This can be evaluated from an enterprise and service provider point of view. One of the major strategic challenges that the company is facing is the fact that sales in the USA market are declining as time goes by. In this case, the company has a challenge to look for other markets to enhance its growth (Cisco 2010, p. 16).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Cisco Global Business Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another strategic challenge that Cisco Systems Inc is facing can be seen in the erosion of margins in its existing markets. This has been brought about by increased competition in the global technological industry. Such issues have ended up affecting the company’s sales and revenue projections in a broad way. The company has to face new- low cost competitors in the market and this is a very big strategic challenge (Cisco 2010, p. 19). Low cost competitors have emerged because of various advancements in technology. This ends up giving them an advantage in the market. Cisco Systems Inc’s core technologies have been commoditized in the market and this is a strategic challenge that needs to be looked at. As much as USA accounts for 13% of Cisco Systems Inc’s market share, total sales have been declining because the market is saturated (Cisco 2010, p. 10). As a matter of fact, demand is softening in this market and the company needs to be creative and innovative to increase its overall demand and sales. PESTEL Analysis A PESTEL analysis is very important in assessing the current environmental conditions that Cisco Systems Inc is facing in the market. In this case, it is done t o analyze various economic, social, political, environmental, legal and technological issues that affect the company and its operations (Traverso 2000, p. 21). Cisco Systems Inc is a global company and is therefore exposed to various macro environmental issues that define the way it conducts its business and operations. Cisco Systems Inc has to contend with various economic factors that it is facing in the market. Recently, there was the global financial crisis that had its effects on different businesses.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that various economies have not recovered as expected and the company needs to come up with good mitigation measures (Soederbaum 2008, p. 18). As a matter of fact, sales have been adversely affected in countries that were seriously hit by the global financial crisis. Because the company is a global player, it has been affected by exchange rate variations. This is because it sells its products in different countries with diverse and distinct currencies. It should be known that exchange rate variations keep on changing as time goes by. This is in relation to prevailing market conditions and scenarios (Moore 1995, p.9). Therefore, for the company to return to profitability, it has to trade carefully as far as the global financial crisis is concerned. This is because there has been a gradual return to normalcy in relation to the global financial crisis. In this case, economic uncertainty has affected the company’s profits in different markets. This is because there is a slow growth in GDP in other developing countries. There are other political factors that have ended up affecting the company’s operations. Different countries have had networking restrictions as far as the company’s business is concerned (Cisco 2010, p. 29). This has reduced its growth momentum in such countries. In most occasions, such countries have strict rules that are supposed to be adhered to. Cisco Systems Inc has to deal with various legal issues when it is establishing its operations in different countries. Some of these legal issues can either favor the company or work against the company. In this case, the company has been at the mercy of different legislations from various countries. Such legislations have political inclinations and can therefore be done with vested interests. In extreme cases, the company has been accused of being involved in China’s censorship issues. As a matter of fact, the company has been blamed for supplying China with the e quipment that it used to block internet sites (Slater 2003, p. 17). Such political issues have affected the company’s image in the global market. In this case, the company argued that it did not specifically supply China with the equipments that it used to block internet sites but it was doing business with no vested interests. Different countries have their own tax systems that are supposed to be adhered to. Some of this tax systems and policies might have serious implications for the company in different markets (Wright 2004, p. 14). This is because some countries levy large tariffs and quotas with an aim of protecting their home industries. In 2007, the company was accused for tax fraud in Brazil. Technology has been advancing as time goes by (Stauffer 2001, p. 23). As a matter of fact, Cisco Systems Inc is a technological firm with global operations. This means that it has to face various technological issues in enhancing its operations. The growth rate of technological a dvancements has been very high in recent years. This means that other technologies have been wiped out and made obsolete. In this case, Cisco Systems Inc has been forced to invest in research and development to come up with new products as far as technological advancements are concerned. It should be known that new technology has created new products in the global market. To remain competitive, the company has been coming up with new products in relation to existing market trends and dynamics. This therefore explains why the company has been acquiring other technological companies as time goes by (Waters 2002, p. 21). As far as technological forces are concerned, companies can effectively enhance their technological processes to reduce operational costs. This helps to improve on the quality of products through vibrant innovation activities. The company is currently exposed to a lot of social issues that need to be dealt with. Technology moves with existing market trends and dynamics (Wright 2004, p. 19). This means that the current consumer is very demanding and needs new products every now and then. In a broad perspective, there are various social trends in the market. These forces have an impact on the overall demand that a given company will have in the market. Markets like the UK have an ageing population that needs a lot of investment in pension payments. When announcing its Q4 results, the company implied that it has conservative customers (Cisco 2010, p. 29). This means that such customers are very cautious about the economy and will therefore limit their spending and investments. The technological industry has one of the most unpredictable social trends. This implies that customers want new experiences every now and then. In this case, the company has been forced to source for new talent to enhance its operations and market presence. The company has not been exposed to a lot of environmental issues. This is because most of its products do not need a lo t of environmental assessment (Young 2001, p. 18). The only issue has been the company’s ability to comply with various environmental requirements and expectations. In this case, the company has to look at all environmental issues when it is designing its products. This is because technology has an impact on the environment and should be evaluated for sustainability. All this factors are very important in coming up with a strategic management plan. Because Cisco is a global player in the technological industry, it needs to assess such aspects for its own sustainability (Young 2001, p. 18). This is because such macro environmental issues influence a business and its operations. Economic indicators will continue to play an important role in a company’s growth plans and future prospects. Current strategy and positioning Cisco Systems Inc is currently the world largest company in networking for the internet (Cisco 2010, p. 9). The company has been growing because of its ab ility to handle various external and internal business factors. All along, the company has focused on its core business by engaging in effective strategic partnering. To remain competitive, the company has maintained a positive cash flow as time goes by. This has enabled it to compete well with other competitors in the market. In a broad perspective, the company has built its core strategy by being customer centered. This means that its current business strategy is very competitive and sustainable (Cisco 2010, p. 15). In this case, all technological companies should continue being customer centered to enhance their market share. This is because customers can shift their attention and loyalty depending on their tastes and preferences. In this case, a company should occasionally consult customers to understand their needs. Porters’ five forces help to analyze an industry and enhance the development of a given company’s strategy. The bargaining power of customers has been increasing as time goes by (Porter 2008, p. 17). This is because the current consumer is more informed and demanding. As a matter of fact, e-business has been affected by distinct customer preferences. This is because customers want more personalized products. In extreme cases, they want such products to be delivered at their own convenience. To remain competitive, the company has come up with customer centered products to satisfy their individual needs and preferences. As a matter of fact, the company offers highly responsive services to its customers. Since its creation, the company has been moving products to customers (Cisco 2010, p. 16). As a matter of fact, the company has a lot of business processes to the internet as time goes by. The global technological industry has a lot of competitive rivalry. This has enhanced the emergence of various low cost companies. Such companies are threatening the existence of established companies like Cisco Systems Inc. In extreme cases, tech nological advancements have brought in new companies in the market. Therefore, the company has been forced to come up with new ways of doing business to remain competitive. In this case, the company has occasionally developed new products to keep off competition. Government policies have been encouraging technological advancements and that is why many companies have taken advantage of such provisions to establish their presence in the market (Slater 2003, p. 14). Competitive rivalry has also been intensified through various innovations that have taken place in the industry. The company’s strategy is very sustainable because it has been attracting new talent to enhance product development. There is a high threat of substitute products and services in the global technology industry. The existence of substitute products has increased buyers’ ability to switch products according to their needs. As a matter of fact, there are a lot of substitute products in the market (Wate rs 2002, p. 16). To remain sustainable, the company has built a good relationship with customers. This has been done by occasionally coming up with new products in relation to their needs at a particular time. The company relies on proper utilization of the internet to enhance its operations. Such aspects have seen it become one of the most successful technological companies in the world. As a matter of fact, the company has driven e-business to customers to enhance its performance. The bargaining power of suppliers for technological companies has been increasing in recent years. This is because technological companies have come up with better ways of doing business. In this case, suppliers can switch to different companies in relation to the prevailing market switching costs (Soederbaum 2008, p. 14). All this withstanding, the company has an effective distribution channel that it has used to enhance its operations and activities in the market. This has been done through good strate gic partnerships and relationships with different suppliers in the market. Although this has been improving as time goes by, the company has projected that it will experience different supply chain constraints that are expected to affect its 2010 financial performance (Cisco 2010, p. 18). The number of new competitors in the industry has also been increasing in relation to market needs and trends. This has always threatened the company’s core business. For sustainability, the company has come up with better ways of doing business. This revolves around new approaches to strategic management. In extreme case, the company has occasionally developed new products to remain competitive. Cisco Systems Inc’s success and continued profitability can be attributed to proper enforcement of porters’ three generic strategies. The company’s segmentation strategy has been very effective in penetrating new markets (Cisco 2010, p. 12). In this case, it has identified diffe rent market segments that need to be attended to. As a matter of fact, the company has differentiated its products to compete well with other market players and companies. This is because customers want new and effective products in the market. The company’s cost leadership strategy has enabled it to appeal to different price sensitive consumers. As a matter of fact, the company has always come up with good prices to suit its target market. This is because its serves different clients with distinct needs. In a broad perspective, the company was able to save $ 1.5 billion dollars in 2009. This was done through effective cost avoidance and increased operational efficiency in its operations around the world. Cisco Systems Inc has a good strategic scope that has focused on effective customers’ needs delivery. In this case, the company competes in all market segments. Globalization has come up as a new way and approach of doing business (Cisco 2010, p. 14). To show how stra tegic the company is, it provides internet protocol to all businesses around the world. This means that the company has strategically positioned itself in the market to serve various market needs and interests. Urgent issues Cisco Systems Inc has to deal with various issues as far as its global strategy is concerned. The company has been receiving criticisms in relation to its global activities. Such criticisms include the China censorship issue that gave the company a bad image. To solve such issues, the company should be open about its business activities and operations (Cisco 2010, p. 26). This is because customers might not want to associate themselves with a company that colludes with other governments to infringe on the rights of internet consumers. The company has also been facing legal lawsuits in different countries. These lawsuits have been advanced by various organizations and companies in relation to its activities and operations. An example of such a lawsuit is the shar eholder class issue where the company ended up paying $ 91.75 million (Cisco 2010, p. 11). In this case, the company should review it’s cooperate practices to avoid any controversies. It should be known that the company is experiencing supply chain constraints that need to be attended to for sustainability. This is because the global market is vey competitive and such incompetency’s can end up being costly to the company. Such an aspect can be looked at by evaluating the company’s component lead time that is supposed to be improved as time goes by (Cisco 2010, p. 13). The company should ensure that it reduces its supply chain constraints to remain competitive. The company needs to review its strategy to reflect the current global financial crisis’s real market situation. This is because there is a market uncertainty that has seen many countries experience slow GDP growth rates (Cisco 2010, p. 9). Such an aspect is expected to affect the company’s r evenue projections. In this case, the company should come up with better ways of enhancing its sales and revenues. Another urgent issue is the slow recovery from the global financial crisis than it had been projected. As a matter of fact, the company’s customers have ended up being cautious in their spending. Because these customers are re-evaluating their spending, the company should come up with a new approach to marketing to enhance its sales and operations. The company should also deal with an unfavorable product mix. This is because it has been introducing new products in the market every now and then. As a matter of fact, sales of its core products; switches and routers have dropped by 1.4% in the third quarter of 2010 (Cisco 2010, p. 23). There is also an impact of different government regulations. This has affected its sales margins in different ways. In this case, it should clearly evaluate markets before launching its operations. Conclusion and recommendation Like e very other technological company, Cisco Systems Inc is facing various challenges that need to be looked at. These challenges have been increasing as time goes by in relation to the prevailing market conditions. One of the major strategic challenges that the company is facing is the fact that sales in the USA market are declining as time goes by. In this case, the company has a challenge to look for other markets to enhance its growth. Therefore, it is recommendable for the company to enhance product development to remain competitive. The company should also exploit other emerging markets for sustainability. It will also be advisable for the company to engage in strategic alliances to increase its market share. In a broad perspective, Cisco Systems Inc should enhance its relationship with customers to know what they want in the market. This will enhance the company’s competitive advantage as time goes by. Reference list Bunnell, D., 2000. Making the Cisco Connection: The Story Behind the Real Internet Superpower. New York: Wiley. Cisco., 2010. Products and Services. Web. Moore, M, H., 1995. Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Paulson, E., 2001. Inside Cisco: The Real Story of Sustained MA Growth. New York: Wiley. Porter, M.E., 2008. The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. Harvard: Harvard business Review. Reichheld, F., 1996. The Loyalty Effect. 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